Retention mechanisms of imidazolin and piperazine-related compounds in non-aqueous hydrophilic interaction and supercritical fluid chromatography based on chemometric design and analysis

Abstract

The experimental design methodology based on central composite design of experiments was applied to compare the retention mechanisms in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and non-aqueous hy- drophilic interaction liquid chromatography (NA-HILIC). The selected set consists of 26 compounds that belong to imidazoline and serotonin receptor ligands. The different chemometric tools (multiple linear regression, principal component analysis, parallel factor analysis) were used to examine the retention, as well as to identify the most significant retention mechanisms. The retention mechanism was investigated on two different stationary phases (diol, and mixed-mode diol). In NA-HILIC, the mobile phase contains acetonitrile as a main component, and methanolic solution of ammonium formate (+ 0.1% of formic acid) as a modifier. The same mobile phase modifier was used in SFC, with a difference in the main component of the mobile phase which was CO2. The retention behaviour differs significantly between HILIC and SFC conditions. The retention pattern in HILIC mode was more partition-like, while in SFC the solute-sorbent interactions allowed retention. The retention mechanism between mixed-mode diol and the diol phases varies depending on the applied chromatographic mode, e.g., in HILIC the type of stationary phase significantly affects the elution order, while in SFC this was not the case. The HILIC retention behaviour was influenced by the number of tertiary amines-aliphatic, and N atom-centred fragments in tested compounds. On the other hand, the number of pyrrole and pyridine rings in the structure of the compound showed correlation with their SFC retention, simultaneously increasing the molecular weight and rapid elution of larger compounds. It was found that temperature surprisingly plays a major role in SFC mode. The increase in temperature reduces the relative contribution of enthalpy factors to total retention, so the separation in SFC was more entropy-controlled. For further pharmaceutical research and optimization, the SFC would be considered more beneficial compared to HILIC since it gives good selectivity in separation of chosen impurities.