TY  - JOUR
AU  - Satarug, Soisungwan
AU  - Vesey, David A.
AU  - Gobe, Glenda C.
AU  - Yimthiang, Supabhorn
AU  - Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra
PY  - 2023
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4417
AB  - An increased level of cadmium (Cd) in food crops, especially rice is concerning because rice is a staple food for over half of the world’s population. In some regions, rice contributes to more than 50% of the total Cd intake. Low environmental exposure to Cd has been linked to an increase in albumin excretion to 30 mg/g creatinine, termed albuminuria, and a progressive reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, termed reduced eGFR. However, research into albuminuria in high exposure conditions is limited. Here, we applied benchmark dose (BMD) analysis to the relevant data recorded for the residents of a Cd contamination area and a low-exposure control area. We normalized the excretion rates of Cd (ECd) and albumin (Ealb) to creatinine clearance (Ccr) as ECd/Ccr and Ealb/Ccr to correct for differences among subjects in the number of surviving nephrons. For the first time, we defined the excretion levels of Cd associated with clinically relevant adverse kidney health outcomes. Ealb/Ccr varied directly with ECd/Ccr (β = 0.239, p < 0.001), and age (β = 0.203, p < 0.001), while normotension was associated with lower Ealb/Ccr (β = −0.106, p = 0.009). ECd/Ccr values between 16.5 and 35.5 ng/L of the filtrate were associated with a 10% prevalence of albuminuria, while the ECd/Ccr value of 59 ng/L of the filtrate was associated with a 10% prevalence of reduced eGFR. Thus, increased albumin excretion and eGFR reduction appeared to occur at low body burdens, and they should form toxicity endpoints suitable for the calculation of health risk due to the Cd contamination of food chains.
PB  - MDPI
T2  - Toxics
T1  - Health Risk in a Geographic Area of Thailand with Endemic Cadmium Contamination: Focus on Albuminuria
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.3390/toxics11010068
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Satarug, Soisungwan and Vesey, David A. and Gobe, Glenda C. and Yimthiang, Supabhorn and Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra",
year = "2023",
abstract = "An increased level of cadmium (Cd) in food crops, especially rice is concerning because rice is a staple food for over half of the world’s population. In some regions, rice contributes to more than 50% of the total Cd intake. Low environmental exposure to Cd has been linked to an increase in albumin excretion to 30 mg/g creatinine, termed albuminuria, and a progressive reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, termed reduced eGFR. However, research into albuminuria in high exposure conditions is limited. Here, we applied benchmark dose (BMD) analysis to the relevant data recorded for the residents of a Cd contamination area and a low-exposure control area. We normalized the excretion rates of Cd (ECd) and albumin (Ealb) to creatinine clearance (Ccr) as ECd/Ccr and Ealb/Ccr to correct for differences among subjects in the number of surviving nephrons. For the first time, we defined the excretion levels of Cd associated with clinically relevant adverse kidney health outcomes. Ealb/Ccr varied directly with ECd/Ccr (β = 0.239, p < 0.001), and age (β = 0.203, p < 0.001), while normotension was associated with lower Ealb/Ccr (β = −0.106, p = 0.009). ECd/Ccr values between 16.5 and 35.5 ng/L of the filtrate were associated with a 10% prevalence of albuminuria, while the ECd/Ccr value of 59 ng/L of the filtrate was associated with a 10% prevalence of reduced eGFR. Thus, increased albumin excretion and eGFR reduction appeared to occur at low body burdens, and they should form toxicity endpoints suitable for the calculation of health risk due to the Cd contamination of food chains.",
publisher = "MDPI",
journal = "Toxics",
title = "Health Risk in a Geographic Area of Thailand with Endemic Cadmium Contamination: Focus on Albuminuria",
volume = "11",
number = "1",
doi = "10.3390/toxics11010068"
}

Satarug, S., Vesey, D. A., Gobe, G. C., Yimthiang, S.,& Buha-Đorđević, A.. (2023). Health Risk in a Geographic Area of Thailand with Endemic Cadmium Contamination: Focus on Albuminuria. in Toxics
MDPI., 11(1).
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010068

Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC, Yimthiang S, Buha-Đorđević A. Health Risk in a Geographic Area of Thailand with Endemic Cadmium Contamination: Focus on Albuminuria. in Toxics. 2023;11(1).
doi:10.3390/toxics11010068 .

Satarug, Soisungwan, Vesey, David A., Gobe, Glenda C., Yimthiang, Supabhorn, Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra, "Health Risk in a Geographic Area of Thailand with Endemic Cadmium Contamination: Focus on Albuminuria" in Toxics, 11, no. 1 (2023),
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010068 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Satarug, Soisungwan
AU  - Vesey, David
AU  - Gobe, Glenda
AU  - Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra
PY  - 2022
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4339
AB  - Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal pollutant that accumulates, especially in the proximal tubular epithelial cells of kidneys, where it causes tubular cell injury, cell death and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Diet is the main Cd exposure source in non-occupationally exposed and non-smoking populations. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability of a tolerable Cd intake of 0.83 μg/kg body weight/day, and its corresponding toxicity threshold level of 5.24 μg/g creatinine. The PROAST software was used to calculate the lower 95% confidence bound of the benchmark dose (BMDL) values of Cd excretion (ECd) associated with injury to kidney tubular cells, a defective tubular reabsorption of filtered proteins, and a reduction in the estimated GFR (eGFR). Data were from 289 males and 445 females, mean age of 48.1 years of which 42.8% were smokers, while 31.7% had hypertension, and 9% had chronic kidney disease (CKD). The BMDL value of ECd associated with kidney tubular cell injury was 0.67 ng/L of filtrate in both men and women. Therefore, an environmental Cd exposure producing ECd of 0.67 ng/L filtrate could be considered as Cd accumulation levels below which renal effects are likely to be negligible. A reduction in eGFR and CKD may follow when ECd rises from 0.67 to 1 ng/L of filtrate. These adverse health effects occur at the body burdens lower than those associated with ECd of 5.24 µg/g creatinine, thereby arguing that current health-guiding values do not provide a sufficient health protection.
PB  - MDPI
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
T1  - The Validity of Benchmark Dose Limit Analysis for Estimating Permissible Accumulation of Cadmium
VL  - 19
IS  - 23
DO  - 10.3390/ijerph192315697
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Satarug, Soisungwan and Vesey, David and Gobe, Glenda and Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal pollutant that accumulates, especially in the proximal tubular epithelial cells of kidneys, where it causes tubular cell injury, cell death and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Diet is the main Cd exposure source in non-occupationally exposed and non-smoking populations. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability of a tolerable Cd intake of 0.83 μg/kg body weight/day, and its corresponding toxicity threshold level of 5.24 μg/g creatinine. The PROAST software was used to calculate the lower 95% confidence bound of the benchmark dose (BMDL) values of Cd excretion (ECd) associated with injury to kidney tubular cells, a defective tubular reabsorption of filtered proteins, and a reduction in the estimated GFR (eGFR). Data were from 289 males and 445 females, mean age of 48.1 years of which 42.8% were smokers, while 31.7% had hypertension, and 9% had chronic kidney disease (CKD). The BMDL value of ECd associated with kidney tubular cell injury was 0.67 ng/L of filtrate in both men and women. Therefore, an environmental Cd exposure producing ECd of 0.67 ng/L filtrate could be considered as Cd accumulation levels below which renal effects are likely to be negligible. A reduction in eGFR and CKD may follow when ECd rises from 0.67 to 1 ng/L of filtrate. These adverse health effects occur at the body burdens lower than those associated with ECd of 5.24 µg/g creatinine, thereby arguing that current health-guiding values do not provide a sufficient health protection.",
publisher = "MDPI",
journal = "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health",
title = "The Validity of Benchmark Dose Limit Analysis for Estimating Permissible Accumulation of Cadmium",
volume = "19",
number = "23",
doi = "10.3390/ijerph192315697"
}

Satarug, S., Vesey, D., Gobe, G.,& Buha-Đorđević, A.. (2022). The Validity of Benchmark Dose Limit Analysis for Estimating Permissible Accumulation of Cadmium. in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
MDPI., 19(23).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315697

Satarug S, Vesey D, Gobe G, Buha-Đorđević A. The Validity of Benchmark Dose Limit Analysis for Estimating Permissible Accumulation of Cadmium. in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(23).
doi:10.3390/ijerph192315697 .

Satarug, Soisungwan, Vesey, David, Gobe, Glenda, Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra, "The Validity of Benchmark Dose Limit Analysis for Estimating Permissible Accumulation of Cadmium" in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, no. 23 (2022),
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315697 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Satarug, Soisungwan
AU  - Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra
AU  - Yimthiang, Supabhorn
AU  - Vesey, David
AU  - Gobe, Glenda
PY  - 2022
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4313
AB  - Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal pollutant present in virtually all food types. Health guidance values were established to safeguard against excessive dietary Cd exposure. The derivation of such health guidance figures has been shifted from the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) to the lower 95% confidence bound of the benchmark dose (BMD), termed BMDL. Here, we used the PROAST software to calculate the BMDL figures for Cd excretion (ECd) associated with a reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Data were from 1189 Thai subjects (493 males and 696 females) mean age of 43.2 years. The overall percentages of smokers, hypertension and CKD were 33.6%, 29.4% and 6.2%, respectively. The overall mean ECd normalized to the excretion of creatinine (Ecr) as ECd/Ecr was 0.64 µg/g creatinine. ECd/Ecr, age and body mass index (BMI) were independently associated with increased prevalence odds ratios (POR) for CKD. BMI figures ≥24 kg/m2 were associated with an increase in POR for CKD by 2.81-fold (p = 0.028). ECd/Ecr values of 0.38–2.49 µg/g creatinine were associated with an increase in POR for CKD risk by 6.2-fold (p = 0.001). The NOAEL equivalent figures of ECd/Ecr based on eGFR reduction in males, females and all subjects were 0.839, 0.849 and 0.828 µg/g creatinine, respectively. The BMDL/BMDU values of ECd/Ecr associated with a 10% increase in CKD prevalence were 2.77/5.06 µg/g creatinine. These data indicate that Cd-induced eGFR reduction occurs at relatively low body burdens and that the population health risk associated with ECd/Ecr of 2.77–5.06 µg/g creatinine was not negligible.
PB  - MDPI
T2  - Toxics
T1  - The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease
VL  - 10
IS  - 10
DO  - 10.3390/toxics10100614
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Satarug, Soisungwan and Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra and Yimthiang, Supabhorn and Vesey, David and Gobe, Glenda",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal pollutant present in virtually all food types. Health guidance values were established to safeguard against excessive dietary Cd exposure. The derivation of such health guidance figures has been shifted from the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) to the lower 95% confidence bound of the benchmark dose (BMD), termed BMDL. Here, we used the PROAST software to calculate the BMDL figures for Cd excretion (ECd) associated with a reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Data were from 1189 Thai subjects (493 males and 696 females) mean age of 43.2 years. The overall percentages of smokers, hypertension and CKD were 33.6%, 29.4% and 6.2%, respectively. The overall mean ECd normalized to the excretion of creatinine (Ecr) as ECd/Ecr was 0.64 µg/g creatinine. ECd/Ecr, age and body mass index (BMI) were independently associated with increased prevalence odds ratios (POR) for CKD. BMI figures ≥24 kg/m2 were associated with an increase in POR for CKD by 2.81-fold (p = 0.028). ECd/Ecr values of 0.38–2.49 µg/g creatinine were associated with an increase in POR for CKD risk by 6.2-fold (p = 0.001). The NOAEL equivalent figures of ECd/Ecr based on eGFR reduction in males, females and all subjects were 0.839, 0.849 and 0.828 µg/g creatinine, respectively. The BMDL/BMDU values of ECd/Ecr associated with a 10% increase in CKD prevalence were 2.77/5.06 µg/g creatinine. These data indicate that Cd-induced eGFR reduction occurs at relatively low body burdens and that the population health risk associated with ECd/Ecr of 2.77–5.06 µg/g creatinine was not negligible.",
publisher = "MDPI",
journal = "Toxics",
title = "The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease",
volume = "10",
number = "10",
doi = "10.3390/toxics10100614"
}

Satarug, S., Buha-Đorđević, A., Yimthiang, S., Vesey, D.,& Gobe, G.. (2022). The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease. in Toxics
MDPI., 10(10).
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100614

Satarug S, Buha-Đorđević A, Yimthiang S, Vesey D, Gobe G. The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease. in Toxics. 2022;10(10).
doi:10.3390/toxics10100614 .

Satarug, Soisungwan, Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra, Yimthiang, Supabhorn, Vesey, David, Gobe, Glenda, "The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease" in Toxics, 10, no. 10 (2022),
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100614 . .