TY  - JOUR
AU  - Krajnović, Dušanka
AU  - Crnjanski, Tatjana
AU  - Savić, Mirko
PY  - 2021
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3899
AB  - During  their  work,  pharmacists  are  faced  with  a  number  of  ethically  difficult situations  which  include  consideration  of  the values, rights and responsibilities. The overall aim of this study was to analyse the factors that influence the ethical valuesof pharmacists.  We aimed  to  determine  the  relationship  of  these  factors  and  the  pharmacists’  perceptions  of  difficulty  and frequency of  ethical issues in community pharmacy  settings.  The  research design  was cross-sectional and descriptive; the datawere gathered from a sample of community pharmacists in Serbia by using validated self-administered survey instrument. In all, 590 pharmacists participated (94.06% females) with working experience from 1 to 39 years (mean 15.17 ± 10.04 years). The  majority  of  respondents  stated  that  the  main  factor  influencing  the  ethical  values  of  pharmacistsis  professional  ethics, followed by family norms. The most common reasons for addressing ethical issuesassociated with values arerelated to the following: importance of cooperation with other healthcare professionals, respect for the rules and regulations, patients` well-being, working within one’s competence to limit liability, controlling and monitoring the organizational and occupational framework of pharmacy profession. The respondents in our study identified an ethical imperative for pharmacists in limiting harm to patients and resistance to commercial pressures which might compromise their judgment. The results demonstrate a need  for  careful  examination  of  the  values  that  could  be  identified  and  explored  in  dilemmas  created  by  commercial environmentand dual personality of users (patients, costumers) of community pharmacy service
PB  - Romanian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences
T2  - Farmacia
T1  - Ethical issues and values in pharmacy practice
VL  - 69
IS  - 2
SP  - 375
EP  - 383
DO  - 10.31925/farmacia.2021.2.24
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Krajnović, Dušanka and Crnjanski, Tatjana and Savić, Mirko",
year = "2021",
abstract = "During  their  work,  pharmacists  are  faced  with  a  number  of  ethically  difficult situations  which  include  consideration  of  the values, rights and responsibilities. The overall aim of this study was to analyse the factors that influence the ethical valuesof pharmacists.  We aimed  to  determine  the  relationship  of  these  factors  and  the  pharmacists’  perceptions  of  difficulty  and frequency of  ethical issues in community pharmacy  settings.  The  research design  was cross-sectional and descriptive; the datawere gathered from a sample of community pharmacists in Serbia by using validated self-administered survey instrument. In all, 590 pharmacists participated (94.06% females) with working experience from 1 to 39 years (mean 15.17 ± 10.04 years). The  majority  of  respondents  stated  that  the  main  factor  influencing  the  ethical  values  of  pharmacistsis  professional  ethics, followed by family norms. The most common reasons for addressing ethical issuesassociated with values arerelated to the following: importance of cooperation with other healthcare professionals, respect for the rules and regulations, patients` well-being, working within one’s competence to limit liability, controlling and monitoring the organizational and occupational framework of pharmacy profession. The respondents in our study identified an ethical imperative for pharmacists in limiting harm to patients and resistance to commercial pressures which might compromise their judgment. The results demonstrate a need  for  careful  examination  of  the  values  that  could  be  identified  and  explored  in  dilemmas  created  by  commercial environmentand dual personality of users (patients, costumers) of community pharmacy service",
publisher = "Romanian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences",
journal = "Farmacia",
title = "Ethical issues and values in pharmacy practice",
volume = "69",
number = "2",
pages = "375-383",
doi = "10.31925/farmacia.2021.2.24"
}

Krajnović, D., Crnjanski, T.,& Savić, M.. (2021). Ethical issues and values in pharmacy practice. in Farmacia
Romanian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences., 69(2), 375-383.
https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2021.2.24

Krajnović D, Crnjanski T, Savić M. Ethical issues and values in pharmacy practice. in Farmacia. 2021;69(2):375-383.
doi:10.31925/farmacia.2021.2.24 .

Krajnović, Dušanka, Crnjanski, Tatjana, Savić, Mirko, "Ethical issues and values in pharmacy practice" in Farmacia, 69, no. 2 (2021):375-383,
https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2021.2.24 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Crnjanski, Tatjana
AU  - Krajnović, Dušanka
AU  - Savić, Mirko
PY  - 2019
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3251
AB  - Researching ethical problems and their frequency could give us a complex picture and greater insight into the types of ethical issues that pharmacists face in providing health care. The overall aim of this study was to assess the pharmacist’s perception of difficulty and frequency of selected ethical issues encountered by the community pharmacists in their everyday practice. A quantitative cross sectional multicenter study was performed using a validated survey instrument - Ethical Issue Scale for Community Pharmacy (EISP). The results of the analysis of 690 completely filled out instruments (response rate 78.49%) showed the difference between the ethical issues which always occurred (“A pharmacist is prevented from dispensing a medicine to the patient due to an administrative error in the prescription”), and the ones that pharmacists found most difficult (“A pharmacist dispenses a medicine he/she personally considers inadequate for the therapeutic treatment of the patient, in order to avoid any conflicts with the physician” and “A pharmacist is considering violating the rules and regulations in order to perform an act of humanity”). The majority of respondents (84.78%) were familiar with the Code of Ethics but the correlation between the familiarity and the perceived usefulness of the code in resolving problems in everyday practice was negative (ρ = −0.17, p  lt  0.001). Results showed that patients’ well-being had a high influence on pharmacists’ behavior. The results provided quantitative data by the examination of specific ethical issues and their occurrence. Further empirical research is recommended in order to systematically identify the ethical issues faced by community pharmacists.
PB  - Springer Netherlands
T2  - Science and Engineering Ethics
T1  - Pharmacists’ Assessment of the Difficulty and Frequency of Ethical Issues Encountered in Community Pharmacy Settings
VL  - 25
IS  - 4
SP  - 1017
EP  - 1036
DO  - 10.1007/s11948-017-9870-x
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Crnjanski, Tatjana and Krajnović, Dušanka and Savić, Mirko",
year = "2019",
abstract = "Researching ethical problems and their frequency could give us a complex picture and greater insight into the types of ethical issues that pharmacists face in providing health care. The overall aim of this study was to assess the pharmacist’s perception of difficulty and frequency of selected ethical issues encountered by the community pharmacists in their everyday practice. A quantitative cross sectional multicenter study was performed using a validated survey instrument - Ethical Issue Scale for Community Pharmacy (EISP). The results of the analysis of 690 completely filled out instruments (response rate 78.49%) showed the difference between the ethical issues which always occurred (“A pharmacist is prevented from dispensing a medicine to the patient due to an administrative error in the prescription”), and the ones that pharmacists found most difficult (“A pharmacist dispenses a medicine he/she personally considers inadequate for the therapeutic treatment of the patient, in order to avoid any conflicts with the physician” and “A pharmacist is considering violating the rules and regulations in order to perform an act of humanity”). The majority of respondents (84.78%) were familiar with the Code of Ethics but the correlation between the familiarity and the perceived usefulness of the code in resolving problems in everyday practice was negative (ρ = −0.17, p  lt  0.001). Results showed that patients’ well-being had a high influence on pharmacists’ behavior. The results provided quantitative data by the examination of specific ethical issues and their occurrence. Further empirical research is recommended in order to systematically identify the ethical issues faced by community pharmacists.",
publisher = "Springer Netherlands",
journal = "Science and Engineering Ethics",
title = "Pharmacists’ Assessment of the Difficulty and Frequency of Ethical Issues Encountered in Community Pharmacy Settings",
volume = "25",
number = "4",
pages = "1017-1036",
doi = "10.1007/s11948-017-9870-x"
}

Crnjanski, T., Krajnović, D.,& Savić, M.. (2019). Pharmacists’ Assessment of the Difficulty and Frequency of Ethical Issues Encountered in Community Pharmacy Settings. in Science and Engineering Ethics
Springer Netherlands., 25(4), 1017-1036.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9870-x

Crnjanski T, Krajnović D, Savić M. Pharmacists’ Assessment of the Difficulty and Frequency of Ethical Issues Encountered in Community Pharmacy Settings. in Science and Engineering Ethics. 2019;25(4):1017-1036.
doi:10.1007/s11948-017-9870-x .

Crnjanski, Tatjana, Krajnović, Dušanka, Savić, Mirko, "Pharmacists’ Assessment of the Difficulty and Frequency of Ethical Issues Encountered in Community Pharmacy Settings" in Science and Engineering Ethics, 25, no. 4 (2019):1017-1036,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9870-x . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Crnjanski, Tatjana
AU  - Krajnović, Dušanka
AU  - Tadić, Ivana
AU  - Stojkov, Svetlana
AU  - Savić, Mirko
PY  - 2016
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2599
AB  - Many problems that arise when providing pharmacy services may contain some ethical components and the aims of this study were to develop and validate a scale that could assess difficulties of ethical issues, as well as the frequency of those occurrences in everyday practice of community pharmacists. Development and validation of the scale was conducted in three phases: (1) generating items for the initial survey instrument after qualitative analysis; (2) defining the design and format of the instrument; (3) validation of the instrument. The constructed Ethical Issue scale for community pharmacy setting has two parts containing the same 16 items for assessing the difficulty and frequency thereof. The results of the 171 completely filled out scales were analyzed (response rate 74.89 %). The Cronbach's alpha value of the part of the instrument that examines difficulties of the ethical situations was 0.83 and for the part of the instrument that examined frequency of the ethical situations was 0.84. Test-retest reliability for both parts of the instrument was satisfactory with all Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values above 0.6, (for the part that examines severity ICC = 0.809, for the part that examines frequency ICC = 0.929). The 16-item scale, as a self assessment tool, demonstrated a high degree of content, criterion, and construct validity and test-retest reliability. The results support its use as a research tool to asses difficulty and frequency of ethical issues in community pharmacy setting. The validated scale needs to be further employed on a larger sample of pharmacists.
PB  - Springer
T2  - Science and Engineering Ethics
T1  - An Ethical Issue Scale for Community Pharmacy Setting (EISP): Development and Validation
VL  - 22
IS  - 2
SP  - 497
EP  - 508
DO  - 10.1007/s11948-014-9587-z
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Crnjanski, Tatjana and Krajnović, Dušanka and Tadić, Ivana and Stojkov, Svetlana and Savić, Mirko",
year = "2016",
abstract = "Many problems that arise when providing pharmacy services may contain some ethical components and the aims of this study were to develop and validate a scale that could assess difficulties of ethical issues, as well as the frequency of those occurrences in everyday practice of community pharmacists. Development and validation of the scale was conducted in three phases: (1) generating items for the initial survey instrument after qualitative analysis; (2) defining the design and format of the instrument; (3) validation of the instrument. The constructed Ethical Issue scale for community pharmacy setting has two parts containing the same 16 items for assessing the difficulty and frequency thereof. The results of the 171 completely filled out scales were analyzed (response rate 74.89 %). The Cronbach's alpha value of the part of the instrument that examines difficulties of the ethical situations was 0.83 and for the part of the instrument that examined frequency of the ethical situations was 0.84. Test-retest reliability for both parts of the instrument was satisfactory with all Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values above 0.6, (for the part that examines severity ICC = 0.809, for the part that examines frequency ICC = 0.929). The 16-item scale, as a self assessment tool, demonstrated a high degree of content, criterion, and construct validity and test-retest reliability. The results support its use as a research tool to asses difficulty and frequency of ethical issues in community pharmacy setting. The validated scale needs to be further employed on a larger sample of pharmacists.",
publisher = "Springer",
journal = "Science and Engineering Ethics",
title = "An Ethical Issue Scale for Community Pharmacy Setting (EISP): Development and Validation",
volume = "22",
number = "2",
pages = "497-508",
doi = "10.1007/s11948-014-9587-z"
}

Crnjanski, T., Krajnović, D., Tadić, I., Stojkov, S.,& Savić, M.. (2016). An Ethical Issue Scale for Community Pharmacy Setting (EISP): Development and Validation. in Science and Engineering Ethics
Springer., 22(2), 497-508.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9587-z

Crnjanski T, Krajnović D, Tadić I, Stojkov S, Savić M. An Ethical Issue Scale for Community Pharmacy Setting (EISP): Development and Validation. in Science and Engineering Ethics. 2016;22(2):497-508.
doi:10.1007/s11948-014-9587-z .

Crnjanski, Tatjana, Krajnović, Dušanka, Tadić, Ivana, Stojkov, Svetlana, Savić, Mirko, "An Ethical Issue Scale for Community Pharmacy Setting (EISP): Development and Validation" in Science and Engineering Ethics, 22, no. 2 (2016):497-508,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9587-z . .