TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lakić, Dragana
AU  - Tasić, Ljiljana
AU  - Kos, Mitja
AU  - Petrova, Guenka
AU  - Stoimenova, Assena
AU  - Krajnović, Dušanka
PY  - 2012
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1692
AB  - Aim To analyze the pharmacy network (structure and resources) in Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia and its relation to public expenditures for medicines. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study using the officially published data for the period 2003-2008 in four selected countries. Data sources were relevant national institutions. Results In 2008, Serbia had 27.5, Bulgaria 66.8, Croatia 59.5, and Slovenia 71.2 pharmacists per 100000 inhabitants. There was a significant difference in the number of pharmacists per 100000 inhabitants between all countries except between Bulgaria and Slovenia. The number of inhabitants per one pharmacy was significantly different between all observed countries. The expenditures for medicines per capita in 2008 were between (sic)30.34 in Bulgaria to (sic)137.03 in Slovenia, with a significant difference between all countries except between Bulgaria and Serbia. The number of pharmacists per 100000 inhabitants and expenditures for medicines per capita were positively correlated in all observed countries, except in Bulgaria. Conclusion There were significant difference in the structure and availability of the pharmacy service in all selected countries. Expenditures for medicines were positively correlated with the number of pharmacists in all countries, except in Bulgaria. Our findings could be valuable to national regulatory bodies for the creation of national drug policies.
PB  - Medicinska Naklada, Zagreb
T2  - Croatian Medical Journal
T1  - Pharmacy network and access to medicines in selected eastern European countries: comparative analysis
VL  - 53
IS  - 1
SP  - 53
EP  - 59
DO  - 10.3325/cmj.2012.53.53
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Lakić, Dragana and Tasić, Ljiljana and Kos, Mitja and Petrova, Guenka and Stoimenova, Assena and Krajnović, Dušanka",
year = "2012",
abstract = "Aim To analyze the pharmacy network (structure and resources) in Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia and its relation to public expenditures for medicines. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study using the officially published data for the period 2003-2008 in four selected countries. Data sources were relevant national institutions. Results In 2008, Serbia had 27.5, Bulgaria 66.8, Croatia 59.5, and Slovenia 71.2 pharmacists per 100000 inhabitants. There was a significant difference in the number of pharmacists per 100000 inhabitants between all countries except between Bulgaria and Slovenia. The number of inhabitants per one pharmacy was significantly different between all observed countries. The expenditures for medicines per capita in 2008 were between (sic)30.34 in Bulgaria to (sic)137.03 in Slovenia, with a significant difference between all countries except between Bulgaria and Serbia. The number of pharmacists per 100000 inhabitants and expenditures for medicines per capita were positively correlated in all observed countries, except in Bulgaria. Conclusion There were significant difference in the structure and availability of the pharmacy service in all selected countries. Expenditures for medicines were positively correlated with the number of pharmacists in all countries, except in Bulgaria. Our findings could be valuable to national regulatory bodies for the creation of national drug policies.",
publisher = "Medicinska Naklada, Zagreb",
journal = "Croatian Medical Journal",
title = "Pharmacy network and access to medicines in selected eastern European countries: comparative analysis",
volume = "53",
number = "1",
pages = "53-59",
doi = "10.3325/cmj.2012.53.53"
}

Lakić, D., Tasić, L., Kos, M., Petrova, G., Stoimenova, A.,& Krajnović, D.. (2012). Pharmacy network and access to medicines in selected eastern European countries: comparative analysis. in Croatian Medical Journal
Medicinska Naklada, Zagreb., 53(1), 53-59.
https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2012.53.53

Lakić D, Tasić L, Kos M, Petrova G, Stoimenova A, Krajnović D. Pharmacy network and access to medicines in selected eastern European countries: comparative analysis. in Croatian Medical Journal. 2012;53(1):53-59.
doi:10.3325/cmj.2012.53.53 .

Lakić, Dragana, Tasić, Ljiljana, Kos, Mitja, Petrova, Guenka, Stoimenova, Assena, Krajnović, Dušanka, "Pharmacy network and access to medicines in selected eastern European countries: comparative analysis" in Croatian Medical Journal, 53, no. 1 (2012):53-59,
https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2012.53.53 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lakić, Dragana
AU  - Petrova, Guenka
AU  - Bogavac-Stanojević, Nataša
AU  - Jelić-Ivanović, Zorana
AU  - Kos, Mitja
PY  - 2012
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1730
AB  - To date there is no Markov model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of antihypertensive pharmacotherapies at national level in developing countries. The aim of our study was to evaluate different antihypertensives and determine their cost-effectiveness as mono therapy treatment in primary care in Serbia. We developed a Markov model to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALY), lifetime costs and incremental cost-effectiveness of different antihypertensive medicines used in the clinical practice in Serbia (diuretic, beta blocker Ca channel blocker and ACE inhibitors) to strategy "no intervention". Cohort of 55-year-old patients with hypertension (systolic and diastolic blood pressure >= 140 and 90 mmHg), without cardiovascular complications was run through the model. Acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, heart failure, stroke, and total mortality were observed as outcomes. The time horizon was over a lifetime, and the perspective was that of a third-party payer Annual discount rate of 5% was applied to all future costs and effects. The results showed small differences in QALY in strategies ACE inhibitor, beta blockers, and diuretic. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for diuretic, compared to no intervention, was (sic)74.27/QALY. The ICER for beta blocker compared to diuretic was (sic)75.58/QALY. ACE inhibitor was extended dominated by diuretic and beta blocker, while Ca channel blocker had higher costs and less effectiveness compared to all previous strategies. The results of the probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that application of antihypertensive therapy is cost-effective even at small values of willingness to pay. It could be concluded that for individuals aged 55 the diuretics are the most cost-effective strategy to start monotherapy of hypertension.
PB  - Taylor & Francis Ltd, Abingdon
T2  - Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment
T1  - The cost-effectiveness of hypertension pharmacotherapy in Serbia: A Markov model
VL  - 26
IS  - 3
SP  - 3066
EP  - 3072
DO  - 10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0009
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Lakić, Dragana and Petrova, Guenka and Bogavac-Stanojević, Nataša and Jelić-Ivanović, Zorana and Kos, Mitja",
year = "2012",
abstract = "To date there is no Markov model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of antihypertensive pharmacotherapies at national level in developing countries. The aim of our study was to evaluate different antihypertensives and determine their cost-effectiveness as mono therapy treatment in primary care in Serbia. We developed a Markov model to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALY), lifetime costs and incremental cost-effectiveness of different antihypertensive medicines used in the clinical practice in Serbia (diuretic, beta blocker Ca channel blocker and ACE inhibitors) to strategy "no intervention". Cohort of 55-year-old patients with hypertension (systolic and diastolic blood pressure >= 140 and 90 mmHg), without cardiovascular complications was run through the model. Acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, heart failure, stroke, and total mortality were observed as outcomes. The time horizon was over a lifetime, and the perspective was that of a third-party payer Annual discount rate of 5% was applied to all future costs and effects. The results showed small differences in QALY in strategies ACE inhibitor, beta blockers, and diuretic. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for diuretic, compared to no intervention, was (sic)74.27/QALY. The ICER for beta blocker compared to diuretic was (sic)75.58/QALY. ACE inhibitor was extended dominated by diuretic and beta blocker, while Ca channel blocker had higher costs and less effectiveness compared to all previous strategies. The results of the probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that application of antihypertensive therapy is cost-effective even at small values of willingness to pay. It could be concluded that for individuals aged 55 the diuretics are the most cost-effective strategy to start monotherapy of hypertension.",
publisher = "Taylor & Francis Ltd, Abingdon",
journal = "Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment",
title = "The cost-effectiveness of hypertension pharmacotherapy in Serbia: A Markov model",
volume = "26",
number = "3",
pages = "3066-3072",
doi = "10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0009"
}

Lakić, D., Petrova, G., Bogavac-Stanojević, N., Jelić-Ivanović, Z.,& Kos, M.. (2012). The cost-effectiveness of hypertension pharmacotherapy in Serbia: A Markov model. in Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment
Taylor & Francis Ltd, Abingdon., 26(3), 3066-3072.
https://doi.org/10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0009

Lakić D, Petrova G, Bogavac-Stanojević N, Jelić-Ivanović Z, Kos M. The cost-effectiveness of hypertension pharmacotherapy in Serbia: A Markov model. in Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 2012;26(3):3066-3072.
doi:10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0009 .

Lakić, Dragana, Petrova, Guenka, Bogavac-Stanojević, Nataša, Jelić-Ivanović, Zorana, Kos, Mitja, "The cost-effectiveness of hypertension pharmacotherapy in Serbia: A Markov model" in Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 26, no. 3 (2012):3066-3072,
https://doi.org/10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0009 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lakić, Dragana
AU  - Bogavac-Stanojević, Nataša
AU  - Jelić-Ivanović, Zorana
AU  - Kotur-Stevuljević, Jelena
AU  - Spasić, Slavica
AU  - Kos, Mitja
PY  - 2010
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1333
AB  - Objectives: Coronary artery disease (CAD), as the leading cause of death, poses a huge economic burden on health-care systems. We used a multi-marker approach to explore discriminative abilities of several lipid, inflammatory, and oxidative stress/antioxidative defense markers as CAD predictors. We assessed their cost-effectiveness compared with the Framingham risk score (FRS). Methods: Using a decision model, we evaluated the costs, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of each model. The FRS was used as the baseline model. Other models were formed with the consecutive addition of selected markers: apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apolipoprotein B (apoB), apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] isoform, lipoprotein (a), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sulfhydryl, and superoxide anion (O-2-). A best-case model was formed from a combination of diagnostic markers to yield the best patient stratification algorithm. All models were assessed by their predictive probabilities using receiver operating characteristic curves. To accomplish our goals, we recruited 188 CAD patients (verified by coronary angiography) and 197 asymptomatic CAD-free subjects for comparison. The analysis was performed from a third-party payer perspective. Results: Only two strategies had outstanding discriminative abilities: the best-case model (FRS, SOD, and O-2-) and FRS plus SOD with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.924 and 0.906, respectively. The cost-effectiveness ratio varied between 593 per AUC for the baseline model to 2425 per AUC for FRS plus apo(a) isoform. Strategies involving oxidative stress/antioxidative defense markers were more cost-effective than strategies involving lipid or inflammatory markers. All results were robust. Conclusion: Our results support the feasibility of a multimarker approach for CAD screening. The introduction of oxidative stress/antioxidative defense markers in the clinical laboratory would be convenient and cost-effective.
PB  - Elsevier Science Inc
T2  - Value in Health
T1  - A Multimarker Approach for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
VL  - 13
IS  - 6
SP  - 770
EP  - 777
DO  - 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00769.x
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Lakić, Dragana and Bogavac-Stanojević, Nataša and Jelić-Ivanović, Zorana and Kotur-Stevuljević, Jelena and Spasić, Slavica and Kos, Mitja",
year = "2010",
abstract = "Objectives: Coronary artery disease (CAD), as the leading cause of death, poses a huge economic burden on health-care systems. We used a multi-marker approach to explore discriminative abilities of several lipid, inflammatory, and oxidative stress/antioxidative defense markers as CAD predictors. We assessed their cost-effectiveness compared with the Framingham risk score (FRS). Methods: Using a decision model, we evaluated the costs, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of each model. The FRS was used as the baseline model. Other models were formed with the consecutive addition of selected markers: apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apolipoprotein B (apoB), apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] isoform, lipoprotein (a), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sulfhydryl, and superoxide anion (O-2-). A best-case model was formed from a combination of diagnostic markers to yield the best patient stratification algorithm. All models were assessed by their predictive probabilities using receiver operating characteristic curves. To accomplish our goals, we recruited 188 CAD patients (verified by coronary angiography) and 197 asymptomatic CAD-free subjects for comparison. The analysis was performed from a third-party payer perspective. Results: Only two strategies had outstanding discriminative abilities: the best-case model (FRS, SOD, and O-2-) and FRS plus SOD with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.924 and 0.906, respectively. The cost-effectiveness ratio varied between 593 per AUC for the baseline model to 2425 per AUC for FRS plus apo(a) isoform. Strategies involving oxidative stress/antioxidative defense markers were more cost-effective than strategies involving lipid or inflammatory markers. All results were robust. Conclusion: Our results support the feasibility of a multimarker approach for CAD screening. The introduction of oxidative stress/antioxidative defense markers in the clinical laboratory would be convenient and cost-effective.",
publisher = "Elsevier Science Inc",
journal = "Value in Health",
title = "A Multimarker Approach for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis",
volume = "13",
number = "6",
pages = "770-777",
doi = "10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00769.x"
}

Lakić, D., Bogavac-Stanojević, N., Jelić-Ivanović, Z., Kotur-Stevuljević, J., Spasić, S.,& Kos, M.. (2010). A Multimarker Approach for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. in Value in Health
Elsevier Science Inc., 13(6), 770-777.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00769.x

Lakić D, Bogavac-Stanojević N, Jelić-Ivanović Z, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Spasić S, Kos M. A Multimarker Approach for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. in Value in Health. 2010;13(6):770-777.
doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00769.x .

Lakić, Dragana, Bogavac-Stanojević, Nataša, Jelić-Ivanović, Zorana, Kotur-Stevuljević, Jelena, Spasić, Slavica, Kos, Mitja, "A Multimarker Approach for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis" in Value in Health, 13, no. 6 (2010):770-777,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00769.x . .