TY  - JOUR
AU  - Wallace, David
AU  - Spandidos, Demetrios A.
AU  - Tsatsakis, Aristidis
AU  - Schweitzer, Amie
AU  - Đorđević, Vladimir
AU  - Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra
PY  - 2019
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3265
AB  - Pancreatic cancer (PC) is insidious with a high mortality rate due to the lack of symptomology prior to diagnosis. Mitochondrial involvement in PC development is becoming accepted, and exposure to cadmium (Cd) is suspected of being a risk factor for the development of PC; however, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we examined the role of Cd as a mitochondrial toxicant and whether alterations in mitochondrial function may be an underlying cause for the development of PC. In this study, cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-mediated toxicity in hTERT-HPNE and AsPC-1 pancreatic cell lines was determined by MTT assay. We also investigated the release of LDH and the generation of free radicals. Mitochondrial toxicity assays were performed in media containing glucose (25 mM) or galactose (10 mM) and following exposure to CdCl2 (0-100 M) followed by MTT assay. For the confirmation of mitochondrial toxicity, we measured the release of ATP following exposure to CdCl2. Initial experiments confirmed that exposure to CdCl2 did not reduce the viability of either cell line until a concentration of >10 M was used. Non-linear analysis of the response curves revealed lethal concentration 50% (LC50) values for CdCl2 in the HPNE cells of 77 M compared to 42 M in the AsPC-1 cells (P lt 0.01). The CdCl2-mediated mitochondrial toxic effects were greater in the HPNE cells, suggesting a heightened sensitivity to the effects of CdCl2, not due to elevated oxidative stress. Increased mitochondrial toxic sensitivity was indicated by a 73.4% reduction in IC50 values in the HPNE cells cultured in galactose compared to culture in glucose media, whereas the AsPC-1 cells exhibited a 58.8% reduction in IC50 values. In addition, the higher concentration of CdCl2 elicited a significant cell-dependent effect on ATP release in both cell lines, suggestive of CdCl2 being a mitochondrial toxicant. Cell survival was unaffected following exposure to low concentrations of CdCl2; however, exposure did alter mitochondrial function (control cells > tumor cells). Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that the mitochondria may be a site of action for cadmium in promoting tumor development.
PB  - Spandidos Publ Ltd, Athens
T2  - International Journal of Molecular Medicine
T1  - Potential interaction of cadmium chloride with pancreatic mitochondria: Implications for pancreatic cancer
VL  - 44
IS  - 1
SP  - 145
EP  - 156
DO  - 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4204
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Wallace, David and Spandidos, Demetrios A. and Tsatsakis, Aristidis and Schweitzer, Amie and Đorđević, Vladimir and Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra",
year = "2019",
abstract = "Pancreatic cancer (PC) is insidious with a high mortality rate due to the lack of symptomology prior to diagnosis. Mitochondrial involvement in PC development is becoming accepted, and exposure to cadmium (Cd) is suspected of being a risk factor for the development of PC; however, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we examined the role of Cd as a mitochondrial toxicant and whether alterations in mitochondrial function may be an underlying cause for the development of PC. In this study, cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-mediated toxicity in hTERT-HPNE and AsPC-1 pancreatic cell lines was determined by MTT assay. We also investigated the release of LDH and the generation of free radicals. Mitochondrial toxicity assays were performed in media containing glucose (25 mM) or galactose (10 mM) and following exposure to CdCl2 (0-100 M) followed by MTT assay. For the confirmation of mitochondrial toxicity, we measured the release of ATP following exposure to CdCl2. Initial experiments confirmed that exposure to CdCl2 did not reduce the viability of either cell line until a concentration of >10 M was used. Non-linear analysis of the response curves revealed lethal concentration 50% (LC50) values for CdCl2 in the HPNE cells of 77 M compared to 42 M in the AsPC-1 cells (P lt 0.01). The CdCl2-mediated mitochondrial toxic effects were greater in the HPNE cells, suggesting a heightened sensitivity to the effects of CdCl2, not due to elevated oxidative stress. Increased mitochondrial toxic sensitivity was indicated by a 73.4% reduction in IC50 values in the HPNE cells cultured in galactose compared to culture in glucose media, whereas the AsPC-1 cells exhibited a 58.8% reduction in IC50 values. In addition, the higher concentration of CdCl2 elicited a significant cell-dependent effect on ATP release in both cell lines, suggestive of CdCl2 being a mitochondrial toxicant. Cell survival was unaffected following exposure to low concentrations of CdCl2; however, exposure did alter mitochondrial function (control cells > tumor cells). Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that the mitochondria may be a site of action for cadmium in promoting tumor development.",
publisher = "Spandidos Publ Ltd, Athens",
journal = "International Journal of Molecular Medicine",
title = "Potential interaction of cadmium chloride with pancreatic mitochondria: Implications for pancreatic cancer",
volume = "44",
number = "1",
pages = "145-156",
doi = "10.3892/ijmm.2019.4204"
}

Wallace, D., Spandidos, D. A., Tsatsakis, A., Schweitzer, A., Đorđević, V.,& Buha-Đorđević, A.. (2019). Potential interaction of cadmium chloride with pancreatic mitochondria: Implications for pancreatic cancer. in International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Spandidos Publ Ltd, Athens., 44(1), 145-156.
https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4204

Wallace D, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Schweitzer A, Đorđević V, Buha-Đorđević A. Potential interaction of cadmium chloride with pancreatic mitochondria: Implications for pancreatic cancer. in International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2019;44(1):145-156.
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2019.4204 .

Wallace, David, Spandidos, Demetrios A., Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Schweitzer, Amie, Đorđević, Vladimir, Buha-Đorđević, Aleksandra, "Potential interaction of cadmium chloride with pancreatic mitochondria: Implications for pancreatic cancer" in International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 44, no. 1 (2019):145-156,
https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4204 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Renieri, Elisavet A.
AU  - Goumenou, Marina
AU  - Kardonsky, Dmitry A.
AU  - Veselov, Valery V.
AU  - Alegakis, Athanasios K.
AU  - Buha, Aleksandra
AU  - Tzatzarakis, Manolis N.
AU  - Nosyrev, Alexander E.
AU  - Rakitskii, Valerii N.
AU  - Kentouri, Maroudio
AU  - Tsatsakis, Aristidis
PY  - 2019
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3371
AB  - Health benefits of fish consumption could be counterbalanced by the intake of contaminants after long term fish consumption, burdened even in trace levels. The presence of the indicator PCBs (NDL-PCBs and PCB 118) in farmed and wild seabream and seabass was evaluated. For the determination of PCB, a GC-MS method was developed and evaluated. The association of PCB accumulation in fish with seasonality, locality, production mode and species was also investigated. A new approach for the risk characterisation after exposure to NDL-PCB through fish consumption in Greece was developed, based on the real exposure and the permitted maximum levels of both aggregated dietary exposure and exposure through fish consumption. PCB levels determined in fish were below established permitted limits (6.24 ng/g 95th percentile), while PCB levels and congener distribution varied significantly between farmed and wild fish (p = 0.001). Seasonality was highlighted as an important factor affecting NDL-PCBs accumulation, with high levels coinciding with the reproduction period of each species. Differences were also depicted for sampling sites, with PCB 118 presenting significantly higher values in open seas while NDL-PCB congeners in closed seas. Risk assessment of NDL-PCB intake through fish consumption corrected for the aggregated exposure revealed no risk for the consumers.
PB  - Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford
T2  - Food and Chemical Toxicology
T1  - Indicator PCBs in farmed and wild fish in Greece - Risk assessment for the Greek population
VL  - 127
SP  - 260
EP  - 269
DO  - 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.027
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Renieri, Elisavet A. and Goumenou, Marina and Kardonsky, Dmitry A. and Veselov, Valery V. and Alegakis, Athanasios K. and Buha, Aleksandra and Tzatzarakis, Manolis N. and Nosyrev, Alexander E. and Rakitskii, Valerii N. and Kentouri, Maroudio and Tsatsakis, Aristidis",
year = "2019",
abstract = "Health benefits of fish consumption could be counterbalanced by the intake of contaminants after long term fish consumption, burdened even in trace levels. The presence of the indicator PCBs (NDL-PCBs and PCB 118) in farmed and wild seabream and seabass was evaluated. For the determination of PCB, a GC-MS method was developed and evaluated. The association of PCB accumulation in fish with seasonality, locality, production mode and species was also investigated. A new approach for the risk characterisation after exposure to NDL-PCB through fish consumption in Greece was developed, based on the real exposure and the permitted maximum levels of both aggregated dietary exposure and exposure through fish consumption. PCB levels determined in fish were below established permitted limits (6.24 ng/g 95th percentile), while PCB levels and congener distribution varied significantly between farmed and wild fish (p = 0.001). Seasonality was highlighted as an important factor affecting NDL-PCBs accumulation, with high levels coinciding with the reproduction period of each species. Differences were also depicted for sampling sites, with PCB 118 presenting significantly higher values in open seas while NDL-PCB congeners in closed seas. Risk assessment of NDL-PCB intake through fish consumption corrected for the aggregated exposure revealed no risk for the consumers.",
publisher = "Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford",
journal = "Food and Chemical Toxicology",
title = "Indicator PCBs in farmed and wild fish in Greece - Risk assessment for the Greek population",
volume = "127",
pages = "260-269",
doi = "10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.027"
}

Renieri, E. A., Goumenou, M., Kardonsky, D. A., Veselov, V. V., Alegakis, A. K., Buha, A., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Nosyrev, A. E., Rakitskii, V. N., Kentouri, M.,& Tsatsakis, A.. (2019). Indicator PCBs in farmed and wild fish in Greece - Risk assessment for the Greek population. in Food and Chemical Toxicology
Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford., 127, 260-269.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.027

Renieri EA, Goumenou M, Kardonsky DA, Veselov VV, Alegakis AK, Buha A, Tzatzarakis MN, Nosyrev AE, Rakitskii VN, Kentouri M, Tsatsakis A. Indicator PCBs in farmed and wild fish in Greece - Risk assessment for the Greek population. in Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2019;127:260-269.
doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.027 .

Renieri, Elisavet A., Goumenou, Marina, Kardonsky, Dmitry A., Veselov, Valery V., Alegakis, Athanasios K., Buha, Aleksandra, Tzatzarakis, Manolis N., Nosyrev, Alexander E., Rakitskii, Valerii N., Kentouri, Maroudio, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, "Indicator PCBs in farmed and wild fish in Greece - Risk assessment for the Greek population" in Food and Chemical Toxicology, 127 (2019):260-269,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.027 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Buha, Aleksandra
AU  - Matović, Vesna
AU  - Antonijević, Biljana
AU  - Bulat, Zorica
AU  - Ćurčić, Marijana
AU  - Renieri, Elisavet A.
AU  - Tsatsakis, Aristidis
AU  - Schweitzer, Amie
AU  - Wallace, David
PY  - 2018
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3035
AB  - Humans are exposed to a significant number of chemicals that are suspected to produce disturbances in hormone homeostasis. Hence, in recent decades, there has been a growing interest in endocrine disruptive chemicals. One of the alleged thyroid disrupting substances is cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous toxic metal shown to act as a thyroid disruptor and carcinogen in both animals and humans. Multiple PubMed searches with core keywords were performed to identify and evaluate appropriate studies which revealed literature suggesting evidence for the link between exposure to Cd and histological and metabolic changes in the thyroid gland. Furthermore, Cd influence on thyroid homeostasis at the peripheral level has also been hypothesized. Both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that a Cd exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations results in biphasic Cd dose-thyroid response relationships. Development of thyroid tumors following exposure to Cd has been studied mainly using in vitro methodologies. In the thyroid, Cd has been shown to activate or stimulate the activity of various factors, leading to increased cell proliferation and a reduction in normal apoptotic activity. Evidence establishing the association between Cd and thyroid disruption remains ambiguous, with further studies needed to elucidate the issue and improve our understanding of Cd-mediated effects on the thyroid gland.
PB  - MDPI, Basel
T2  - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
T1  - Overview of Cadmium Thyroid Disrupting Effects and Mechanisms
VL  - 19
IS  - 5
DO  - 10.3390/ijms19051501
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Buha, Aleksandra and Matović, Vesna and Antonijević, Biljana and Bulat, Zorica and Ćurčić, Marijana and Renieri, Elisavet A. and Tsatsakis, Aristidis and Schweitzer, Amie and Wallace, David",
year = "2018",
abstract = "Humans are exposed to a significant number of chemicals that are suspected to produce disturbances in hormone homeostasis. Hence, in recent decades, there has been a growing interest in endocrine disruptive chemicals. One of the alleged thyroid disrupting substances is cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous toxic metal shown to act as a thyroid disruptor and carcinogen in both animals and humans. Multiple PubMed searches with core keywords were performed to identify and evaluate appropriate studies which revealed literature suggesting evidence for the link between exposure to Cd and histological and metabolic changes in the thyroid gland. Furthermore, Cd influence on thyroid homeostasis at the peripheral level has also been hypothesized. Both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that a Cd exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations results in biphasic Cd dose-thyroid response relationships. Development of thyroid tumors following exposure to Cd has been studied mainly using in vitro methodologies. In the thyroid, Cd has been shown to activate or stimulate the activity of various factors, leading to increased cell proliferation and a reduction in normal apoptotic activity. Evidence establishing the association between Cd and thyroid disruption remains ambiguous, with further studies needed to elucidate the issue and improve our understanding of Cd-mediated effects on the thyroid gland.",
publisher = "MDPI, Basel",
journal = "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
title = "Overview of Cadmium Thyroid Disrupting Effects and Mechanisms",
volume = "19",
number = "5",
doi = "10.3390/ijms19051501"
}

Buha, A., Matović, V., Antonijević, B., Bulat, Z., Ćurčić, M., Renieri, E. A., Tsatsakis, A., Schweitzer, A.,& Wallace, D.. (2018). Overview of Cadmium Thyroid Disrupting Effects and Mechanisms. in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
MDPI, Basel., 19(5).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051501

Buha A, Matović V, Antonijević B, Bulat Z, Ćurčić M, Renieri EA, Tsatsakis A, Schweitzer A, Wallace D. Overview of Cadmium Thyroid Disrupting Effects and Mechanisms. in International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(5).
doi:10.3390/ijms19051501 .

Buha, Aleksandra, Matović, Vesna, Antonijević, Biljana, Bulat, Zorica, Ćurčić, Marijana, Renieri, Elisavet A., Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Schweitzer, Amie, Wallace, David, "Overview of Cadmium Thyroid Disrupting Effects and Mechanisms" in International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19, no. 5 (2018),
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051501 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Renieri, Elisavet A.
AU  - Sfakianakis, Dimitris G.
AU  - Alegakis, Athanasios A.
AU  - Safenkova, Irina V.
AU  - Buha, Aleksandra
AU  - Matović, Vesna
AU  - Tzardi, Maria
AU  - Dzantiev, Boris B.
AU  - Divanach, Pascal
AU  - Kentouri, Maroudio
AU  - Tsatsakis, Aristidis
PY  - 2017
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2971
AB  - Cadmium (Cd) has proved to be associated with numerous toxic effects in aquatic organisms via waterbome exposure. With a view to investigate Cd toxicity along a broad spectrum of exposures reaching from environmental to toxic, we employed adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) for an in vivo study. A number of 10 fish per tank were placed in 40 L tanks and were exposed for 30 days to 0.0, 5.0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 1000 mu g Cd per liter. There were 2 tanks for each Cd exposure (duplicate experiment). Mortality was recorded daily, dead fish were collected and tissue samples were obtained for histologic observation, whereas remaining tissues were stored for Cd burden determination. Surviving fish were collected at the end of the experiment. Median overall survival (OS) in days was found to be 9.0, 11.0, 8.0 and 7.0 for 25 mu g/L, 50 mu g/L, 75 mu g/L and 100 mu g/L respectively, with all of them showing mortality greater than 50%. Remarkably, fish exposed to the highest Cd concentration (1000 mu g/L) survived the longest exhibiting a mean OS of 29.2 days. Cd determination in fish tissue was conducted with an in house ICP-MS method and levels ranged from 3.1 to 29.1 ng/mg. Log Cd tissue levels were significantly correlated with the log Cd exposure levels (r = 0.535, p  lt  0.001). The highest Cd burden was determined for fish exposed to 1000 mu g Cd /L (mean = 12.2 ng/mg). Histopathology supported these results. Our findings disclose a deviation in toxic responses through the range of Cd concentrations, leading to nonlinear responses. These differentiated responses, could be linked to hormesis phenomena.
PB  - Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, San Diego
T2  - Environmental Research
T1  - Nonlinear responses to waterborne cadmium exposure in zebrafish. An in vivo study
VL  - 157
SP  - 173
EP  - 181
DO  - 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.021
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Renieri, Elisavet A. and Sfakianakis, Dimitris G. and Alegakis, Athanasios A. and Safenkova, Irina V. and Buha, Aleksandra and Matović, Vesna and Tzardi, Maria and Dzantiev, Boris B. and Divanach, Pascal and Kentouri, Maroudio and Tsatsakis, Aristidis",
year = "2017",
abstract = "Cadmium (Cd) has proved to be associated with numerous toxic effects in aquatic organisms via waterbome exposure. With a view to investigate Cd toxicity along a broad spectrum of exposures reaching from environmental to toxic, we employed adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) for an in vivo study. A number of 10 fish per tank were placed in 40 L tanks and were exposed for 30 days to 0.0, 5.0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 1000 mu g Cd per liter. There were 2 tanks for each Cd exposure (duplicate experiment). Mortality was recorded daily, dead fish were collected and tissue samples were obtained for histologic observation, whereas remaining tissues were stored for Cd burden determination. Surviving fish were collected at the end of the experiment. Median overall survival (OS) in days was found to be 9.0, 11.0, 8.0 and 7.0 for 25 mu g/L, 50 mu g/L, 75 mu g/L and 100 mu g/L respectively, with all of them showing mortality greater than 50%. Remarkably, fish exposed to the highest Cd concentration (1000 mu g/L) survived the longest exhibiting a mean OS of 29.2 days. Cd determination in fish tissue was conducted with an in house ICP-MS method and levels ranged from 3.1 to 29.1 ng/mg. Log Cd tissue levels were significantly correlated with the log Cd exposure levels (r = 0.535, p  lt  0.001). The highest Cd burden was determined for fish exposed to 1000 mu g Cd /L (mean = 12.2 ng/mg). Histopathology supported these results. Our findings disclose a deviation in toxic responses through the range of Cd concentrations, leading to nonlinear responses. These differentiated responses, could be linked to hormesis phenomena.",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, San Diego",
journal = "Environmental Research",
title = "Nonlinear responses to waterborne cadmium exposure in zebrafish. An in vivo study",
volume = "157",
pages = "173-181",
doi = "10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.021"
}

Renieri, E. A., Sfakianakis, D. G., Alegakis, A. A., Safenkova, I. V., Buha, A., Matović, V., Tzardi, M., Dzantiev, B. B., Divanach, P., Kentouri, M.,& Tsatsakis, A.. (2017). Nonlinear responses to waterborne cadmium exposure in zebrafish. An in vivo study. in Environmental Research
Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, San Diego., 157, 173-181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.021

Renieri EA, Sfakianakis DG, Alegakis AA, Safenkova IV, Buha A, Matović V, Tzardi M, Dzantiev BB, Divanach P, Kentouri M, Tsatsakis A. Nonlinear responses to waterborne cadmium exposure in zebrafish. An in vivo study. in Environmental Research. 2017;157:173-181.
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.021 .

Renieri, Elisavet A., Sfakianakis, Dimitris G., Alegakis, Athanasios A., Safenkova, Irina V., Buha, Aleksandra, Matović, Vesna, Tzardi, Maria, Dzantiev, Boris B., Divanach, Pascal, Kentouri, Maroudio, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, "Nonlinear responses to waterborne cadmium exposure in zebrafish. An in vivo study" in Environmental Research, 157 (2017):173-181,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.021 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vučinić, Slavica
AU  - Antonijević, Biljana
AU  - Tsatsakis, Aristidis
AU  - Vassilopoulou, Loukia
AU  - Docea, Anca Oana
AU  - Nosyrev, Alexander E.
AU  - Izotov, Boris N.
AU  - Thiermann, Horst
AU  - Drakoulis, Nikolaos
AU  - Brkić, Dragica
PY  - 2017
UR  - https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2856
AB  - Exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents, the most deadly chemical warfare agents, is possible in a variety of situations, such as destruction of chemical warfare agents, terrorist attacks, armed conflicts or accidents in research laboratories and storage facilities. Hundreds of thousands of tons of chemical munitions were disposed of at the sea in the post World War II period, with European, Russian, Japanese and US coasts being the most affected. Sulfur mustard, Lewisite and nerve agents appear to be the most frequently chemical warfare agents disposed of at the sea. Addressing the overall environmental risk, it has been one of the priorities of the world community since that time. Aside from confirming exposure to nerve agents in the alleged use for forensic purposes, the detection and identification of biological markers of exposure are also needed for the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning, in addition to occupational health monitoring for specific profiles of workers. When estimating detrimental effects of acute or potential chronic sub-lethal doses of organophosphorus nerve agents, released accidentally or intentionally into the environment, it is necessary to understand the wide spectra of physical, chemical and toxicological properties of these agents, and predict their ultimate fate in environmental systems.
PB  - Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam
T2  - Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
T1  - Environmental exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents
VL  - 56
SP  - 163
EP  - 171
DO  - 10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.004
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Vučinić, Slavica and Antonijević, Biljana and Tsatsakis, Aristidis and Vassilopoulou, Loukia and Docea, Anca Oana and Nosyrev, Alexander E. and Izotov, Boris N. and Thiermann, Horst and Drakoulis, Nikolaos and Brkić, Dragica",
year = "2017",
abstract = "Exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents, the most deadly chemical warfare agents, is possible in a variety of situations, such as destruction of chemical warfare agents, terrorist attacks, armed conflicts or accidents in research laboratories and storage facilities. Hundreds of thousands of tons of chemical munitions were disposed of at the sea in the post World War II period, with European, Russian, Japanese and US coasts being the most affected. Sulfur mustard, Lewisite and nerve agents appear to be the most frequently chemical warfare agents disposed of at the sea. Addressing the overall environmental risk, it has been one of the priorities of the world community since that time. Aside from confirming exposure to nerve agents in the alleged use for forensic purposes, the detection and identification of biological markers of exposure are also needed for the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning, in addition to occupational health monitoring for specific profiles of workers. When estimating detrimental effects of acute or potential chronic sub-lethal doses of organophosphorus nerve agents, released accidentally or intentionally into the environment, it is necessary to understand the wide spectra of physical, chemical and toxicological properties of these agents, and predict their ultimate fate in environmental systems.",
publisher = "Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam",
journal = "Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology",
title = "Environmental exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents",
volume = "56",
pages = "163-171",
doi = "10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.004"
}

Vučinić, S., Antonijević, B., Tsatsakis, A., Vassilopoulou, L., Docea, A. O., Nosyrev, A. E., Izotov, B. N., Thiermann, H., Drakoulis, N.,& Brkić, D.. (2017). Environmental exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. in Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam., 56, 163-171.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.004

Vučinić S, Antonijević B, Tsatsakis A, Vassilopoulou L, Docea AO, Nosyrev AE, Izotov BN, Thiermann H, Drakoulis N, Brkić D. Environmental exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. in Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2017;56:163-171.
doi:10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.004 .

Vučinić, Slavica, Antonijević, Biljana, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Vassilopoulou, Loukia, Docea, Anca Oana, Nosyrev, Alexander E., Izotov, Boris N., Thiermann, Horst, Drakoulis, Nikolaos, Brkić, Dragica, "Environmental exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents" in Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 56 (2017):163-171,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.004 . .