Biomarkers of aging-associated chronic inflammation as a prognostic factor for human longevity

Abstract

It has been well-established that age-associated low-grade chronic inflammation contributes to the development of a spectrum of chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurodegenerative diseases, which affect the quality of life of the elderly and influence their life span. This phenomenon is suggested to arise due to the weakening of the regulatory mechanisms of the immune response, and the persistence of exogenous and endogenous (reflecting oxidative cell injury) antigenic challenges, so it is referred to as oxi-inflamm-aging. Considering that the development of age-associated chronic inflammation is “silent”, i.e., without clinical signs until the aforementioned complications become apparent, it is important to identify the biomarker(s) or pattern/cluster of biomarkers for this inflammation. It is also important to define new strategies to combat the “silent” damage induced by chronic inflammation. Given that at present there are no reliable biomarkers for chronic inflammation, this review points out the problems in defining biomarker(s) or patterns/clusters of biomarkers for chronic inflammation in order to stimulate further research and points to some possible routes of investigation.

Činjenično je dobro argumentovano da hronična inflamacija niskog stepena koja se javlja u toku starenja ima važnu ulogu u razvoju čitavog spektra hroničnih bolesti, uključujući šećernu bolest, ishemijsku bolest srca, moždani udar, malignu bolest, hronično oštećenje bubrega, nealkoholnu masnu bolest jetre, neurodegenerativne i autoimunske bolesti, koje utiču na kvalitet i dužinu života starih osoba. Smatra se da ovaj fenomen nastaje kao rezultat slabljenja regulatornih mehanizama imunskog sistema i perzistentnog izlaganja organizma delovanju egzogenih i endogenih (generisanih oštećenjem ćelija oksidativnim stresom) antigenskih izazova, što se u literaturi opisuje terminom oksidativno-inflamatorno starenje. Imajući u vidu da se hronična inflamacija razvija klinički "nemo", odnosno da postaje manifestna tek kada se razviju prethodno pomenute komplikacije, jasno je koliko je važno identifikovati biomarker(e) ili obrasce/klastere biomarkera te inflamacije. S obzirom na to da u ovom trenutku nema pouzdanih markera hronične inflamacije, ovaj pregledni rad je tako koncipiran da ukaže na probleme u identifikaciji biomarkera ili obrazaca/klastera biomarkera hronične inflamacije, s ciljem da stimuliše dalja istraživanja, ali i da da smernice za buduća istraživanja.